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He was the twelfth President of the United States poisoned with arsenic?

Arsenic compounds have been known at least since the time of the Ancient Greece and Rome. They have been used by doctors and detainees. The compound most commonly used for as was arsenic sulfide (AS23). Arsenic has been recognized as an element by alchemists. Alchemy was a sort of pre-science that existed from about 500 BC to late 16th century. People who studied alchemy, the alchemists wanted to find a way to change the lead, and other ferrous metals into gold. They were also looking for a way to have eternal life. Alchemy contained too much magic and mysticism to be a science, but alchemists developed a number of techniques and produced many new materials that are later proven to be useful in modern chemistry. A small amount of arsenic is used in alloys (an alloy by melting and mixing two or more metals. Mixture of different metals.) The most important use of arsenic in the United States in preserving wood.

Arsenic can be produced easily scale its minerals in the beginning, as can be seen without the element realize what it was. Because arsenic is similar to Mercury, the first scholars probably confused the two elements together. Credit The real discovery of arsenic is often alchemist Albertus Magnus (Albertus Magnus). Heat a common compound of arsenic, orpiment (As2S3), with water and soap. The nearly pure arsenic was formed in the process. In the mid-seventeenth century, arsenic was known as an element.

Arsenic occurs in two allotropic forms (allotropes are forms of an element with different properties physical and chemical.) The most common form of arsenic is a bright, white, brittle, metallic-looking solid. The least common is a crystalline solid yellow. It occurs when the vapors of arsenic is quenched. When arsenic is heated, it melts, like most solids. However, changes directly into vapor (gas). This process is called sublimation. However, under high pressure, arsenic can be forced to melt at about 814 C (1500 ° F). Arsenic has a density of 5.72 grams per cubic centimeter.

Arsenic is a metalloid, an element which has properties of metals and non-metals and occurs in the periodic table on each side of the line of the scale that begins between boron and aluminum. When heated in air, arsenic combines with oxygen to form arsenic oxide (As2O3). A blue flame is produced, and arsenic oxide can be identified by its characteristic odor of garlic. Arsenic combined more slowly with oxygen at room temperature. The thin layer of arsenic oxide that forms on the element that prevents a reaction later. Arsenic does not dissolve in colder water or acids. This is not to react with certain acids to form arsenious acid hot (H3AsO3) or arsenic acid (H3AsO4).

Rara Arsenic occurs instead is a pure element. It is usually found as compound. The most common minerals of arsenic are arsenopyrite (FeAsS), orpiment (As2S3) and realgar (As4S4). These compounds are obtained as a byproduct of the extraction and purification of silver. The abundance of arsenic in the crust is supposed to about 5 parts per million. This places it among the bottom third of the elements abundant in the crust. Largest producer of arsenic in the world are China, Chile, Mexico, Belgium, Namibia and the Philippines. The United States does not produce arsenic. About 14 radioactive isotopes of arsenic are known. An isotope is is natural arsenic, arsenic-75. None of the arsenic isotopes has no commercial importance. The process of recovery of arsenic minerals is common to use metal. The ore is first roasted (heated air) chemically converted into sulphide of arsenic oxide arsenic. Arsenic oxide is heated with charcoal (pure carbon). Carbon reacts with oxygen in the oxide of arsenic, leaving pure arsenic:

The arsenic is mainly used in the compounds. A much smaller amount of the element itself is used in alloys. For example, parts of lead acid batteries used in cars and lorries alloys containing lead and arsenic. Arsenic was also used to make lead bullets in the past. The amount of arsenic used in these applications is likely to fall further because it is too easy for arsenic to enter the environment of such applications. Small amounts of arsenic used in the electronics industry. Is added to germanium and silicon to make transistors. A compound of arsenic, gallium arsenide (GaAs) is also used for light emitting diodes (LED). LED illuminated numbers to produce hand calculators, watches, clocks, and a number other electronic devices.

Arsenic has a fascinating history as a healer and a killer. Early practitioners, such as Hippocrates (c. 460 BC-370 BC) and Paracelsus (1493-1541), arsenic is recommended for the treatment of certain diseases. More recently, arsenic compounds have been used to treat a variety of diseases, including syphilis and various tropical diseases. Arsenic has a special place in history of modern medicine. In 1910, German biologist Paul Ehrlich (1854-1915) invented the first drug that cures syphilis, a sexually transmitted disease. The drug, called salvarsan, is a compound of arsenic. Its chemical name is arsphenamine.

O n July 9, 1850, the President of the twelfth United States, Zachary Taylor (1784-1850), died in office. He had served as president for just over sixteen months. The cause of his death was widely reported as gastroenteritis (inflammation of the stomach and intestines). He had been ill after eating a mixture of cherries and buttermilk. But for years, historians have questioned whether Taylor had been murdered by arsenic poisoning. On June 17, 1991, Taylor remains were exhumed (Removed from the grave) of a cemetery in Louisville, Kentucky. The descendants of former President according to historians as the possibility poisoning existed. Samples of hair and nails Taylor led Oak Ridge National Laboratory in Oak Ridge, Tennessee, for analysis.

Scientists used a process that measures the amount of arsenic in tissue samples. Most human bodies contain traces of arsenic. So the key question was if you have more arsenic in tissue samples than would be normal for someone who had been dead for 141 years. If there was, it would mean Taylor was poisoned, probably, if not, death by natural causes was more likely. The Kentucky medical examiner (an official examining the corpses to find the cause of death) came to a conclusion. He says the amount of arsenic in samples of Taylor was the hundreds of times less than what one would expect the president had been poisoned with arsenic. Thus, although some still wonder if Taylor was poison, arsenic was certainly not the chemical used. And most likely is that the cherries and butter.

Compounds of arsenic have long been used for events. Especially in the Middle The media were a popular form of murder. At that time, was difficult to detect the presence of arsenic in the body. A person killed by arsenic is thought to receive often, they died of pneumonia. The toxic properties of arsenic compounds was useful rat poison. However, it is rarely used for this purpose today. Assurance components are used that do not threaten humans, animals and the environment. Today, the use most important of arsenic in wood preservation. Used as a compound called chromated copper arsenate (CCA). CCA is about 90 percent of all arsenic used in the United States. Adding to the wood used to build houses and other wooden structures. Are prevented from growing number of organizations in the wood and rotting. However, There is great concern about the use of arsenic treated wood in playground equipment and raised garden beds because of their toxicity.

Arsenic and its compounds are toxic to animals. At low doses, arsenic causes nausea, vomiting and diarrhea. At high doses, it causes an abnormal heart rhythm, damage blood vessels, and a sensation of "tingling" in hands and feet. Small corns or warts may begin to develop on the palms and soles of feet. Direct contact with skin may cause redness and swelling. Long-term exposure to arsenic and its compounds can cause cancer. Inhalation can cause lung cancer. If swallowed, Cancer may develop in the bladder, kidneys, liver and lungs. In high doses, Arsenic and its compounds can cause death.

About the Author

Dr.Badruddin Khan teaches Chemistry in the University of Kashmir, Srinagar, India.

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